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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> 一看就懂，Python 日志 logging 模块详解及应用 </h1>
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                    <span><a href="/authors/韦世东学算法和反爬虫" class="author" itemprop="url" rel="index">韦世东学算法和反爬虫</a></span>
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                    <time title="创建时间：2019-07-25 14:53:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-07-25T14:53:35+08:00">2019-07-25</time>
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                <h2 id="日志概述"><a href="#日志概述" class="headerlink" title="日志概述"></a>日志概述</h2>
                <p><strong>百度百科的日志概述</strong>： Windows网络操作系统都设计有各种各样的日志文件，如应用程序日志，安全日志、系统日志、Scheduler服务日志、FTP日志、WWW日志、DNS服务器日志等等，这些根据你的系统开启的服务的不同而有所不同。我们在系统上进行一些操作时，这些日志文件通常会记录下我们操作的一些相关内容，这些内容对系统安全工作人员相当有用。比如说有人对系统进行了IPC探测，系统就会在安全日志里迅速地记下探测者探测时所用的IP、时间、用户名等，用FTP探测后，就会在FTP日志中记下IP、时间、探测所用的用户名等。 <strong>我映像中的日志</strong>： 查看日志是开发人员日常获取信息、排查异常、发现问题的最好途径，日志记录中通常会标记有异常产生的原因、发生时间、具体错误行数等信息，这极大的节省了我们的排查时间，无形中提高了编码效率。</p>
                <h2 id="日志分类"><a href="#日志分类" class="headerlink" title="日志分类"></a>日志分类</h2>
                <p>我们可以按照输出终端进行分类，也可以按照日志级别进行分类。输出终端指的是将日志在控制台输出显示和将日志存入文件；日志级别指的是 Debug、Info、WARNING、ERROR以及CRITICAL等严重等级进行划分。</p>
                <h2 id="Python-的-logging"><a href="#Python-的-logging" class="headerlink" title="Python 的 logging"></a>Python 的 logging</h2>
                <p>logging提供了一组便利的日志函数，它们分别是：debug()、 info()、 warning()、 error() 和 critical()。logging函数根据它们用来跟踪的事件的级别或严重程度来命名。标准级别及其适用性描述如下（以严重程度递增排序）： <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672b380840b4fa6?w=853&amp;h=229&amp;f=png&amp;s=38748" alt=""> 每个级别对应的数字值为 CRITICAL：50，ERROR：40，WARNING：30，INFO：20，DEBUG：10，NOTSET：0。 Python 中日志的默认等级是 WARNING，DEBUG 和 INFO 级别的日志将不会得到显示，在 logging 中更改设置。</p>
                <h2 id="日志输出"><a href="#日志输出" class="headerlink" title="日志输出"></a>日志输出</h2>
                <h3 id="输出到控制台"><a href="#输出到控制台" class="headerlink" title="输出到控制台"></a>输出到控制台</h3>
                <p>使用 logging 在控制台打印日志，这里我们用 Pycharm 编辑器来观察：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import logging</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">logging.<span class="builtin-name">debug</span>(<span class="string">'崔庆才丨静觅、韦世东丨奎因'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">logging.<span class="builtin-name">warning</span>(<span class="string">'邀请你关注微信公众号【进击的 Coder】'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">logging.<span class="builtin-name">info</span>(<span class="string">'和大佬一起coding、共同进步'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bb018ec815a3?w=1206&amp;h=455&amp;f=png&amp;s=103466" alt=""> 从上图运行的结果来看，的确只显示了 WARNING 级别的信息，验证了上面的观点。同时也在控制台输出了日志内容，默认情况下 Python 中使用 logging 模块中的函数打印日志，日志只会在控制台输出，而不会保存到日文件。 <strong>有什么办法可以改变默认的日志级别呢？</strong> 当然是有的，logging 中提供了 basicConfig 让使用者可以适时调节默认日志级别，我们可以将上面的代码改为：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import logging</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">logging.basicConfig(<span class="attribute">level</span>=logging.DEBUG)</span><br><span class="line">logging.<span class="builtin-name">debug</span>(<span class="string">'崔庆才丨静觅、韦世东丨奎因'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">logging.<span class="builtin-name">warning</span>(<span class="string">'邀请你关注微信公众号【进击的 Coder】'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">logging.<span class="builtin-name">info</span>(<span class="string">'和大佬一起coding、共同进步'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bb0f460bc73c?w=1154&amp;h=488&amp;f=png&amp;s=128578" alt=""> 在 basicConfig 中设定 level 参数的级别即可。 思考：如果设定级别为 logging.INFO，那 DEBUG 信息能够显示么？</p>
                <h3 id="保存到文件"><a href="#保存到文件" class="headerlink" title="保存到文件"></a>保存到文件</h3>
                <p>刚才演示了如何在控制台输出日志内容，并且自由设定日志的级别，那现在就来看看如何将日志保存到文件。依旧是强大的 basicConfig，我们再将上面的代码改为：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import logging</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">logging.basicConfig(<span class="attribute">level</span>=logging.DEBUG, <span class="attribute">filename</span>=<span class="string">'coder.log'</span>, <span class="attribute">filemode</span>=<span class="string">'a'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">logging.<span class="builtin-name">debug</span>(<span class="string">'崔庆才丨静觅、韦世东丨奎因'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">logging.<span class="builtin-name">warning</span>(<span class="string">'邀请你关注微信公众号【进击的 Coder】'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">logging.<span class="builtin-name">info</span>(<span class="string">'和大佬一起coding、共同进步'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bb1abdf6b05b?w=1320&amp;h=412&amp;f=png&amp;s=100828" alt=""> 在配置中填写 filename （指定文件名） 和 filemode （文件写入方式），控制台的日志输出就不见了，那么 coder.log 会生成么？ <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bb2629d9df1a?w=991&amp;h=236&amp;f=png&amp;s=47054" alt=""> 在 .py 文件的同级目录生成了名为 coder.log 的日志。 通过简单的代码设置，我们就完成了日志文件在控制台和文件中的输出。那既在控制台显示又能保存到文件中呢？</p>
                <h2 id="强大的-logging"><a href="#强大的-logging" class="headerlink" title="强大的 logging"></a>强大的 logging</h2>
                <p>logging所提供的模块级别的日志记录函数是对logging日志系统相关类的封装 logging 模块提供了两种记录日志的方式：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>使用logging提供的模块级别的函数</li>
                  <li>使用Logging日志系统的四大组件</li>
                </ul>
                <p>这里提到的级别函数就是上面所用的 DEBGE、ERROR 等级别，而四大组件则是指 loggers、handlers、filters 和 formatters 这几个组件，下图简单明了的阐述了它们各自的作用： <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bb8e26053d22?w=599&amp;h=210&amp;f=png&amp;s=38081" alt=""> 日志器（logger）是入口，真正工作的是处理器（handler），处理器（handler）还可以通过过滤器（filter）和格式器（formatter）对要输出的日志内容做过滤和格式化等处理操作。</p>
                <h3 id="四大组件"><a href="#四大组件" class="headerlink" title="四大组件"></a>四大组件</h3>
                <p>下面介绍下与logging四大组件相关的类：Logger, Handler, Filter, Formatter。 <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bd8de061fc84?w=686&amp;h=620&amp;f=png&amp;s=6905" alt=""> <strong>Logger类</strong> Logger 对象有3个工作要做：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span>）向应用程序代码暴露几个方法，使应用程序可以在运行时记录日志消息；</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span>）基于日志严重等级（默认的过滤设施）或filter对象来决定要对哪些日志进行后续处理；</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">3</span>）将日志消息传送给所有感兴趣的日志handlers。</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>Logger对象最常用的方法分为两类：配置方法 和 消息发送方法 最常用的配置方法如下： <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bbaf86c3a29d?w=620&amp;h=167&amp;f=png&amp;s=29759" alt=""> 关于Logger.setLevel()方法的说明： 内建等级中，级别最低的是DEBUG，级别最高的是CRITICAL。例如setLevel(logging.INFO)，此时函数参数为INFO，那么该logger将只会处理INFO、WARNING、ERROR和CRITICAL级别的日志，而DEBUG级别的消息将会被忽略/丢弃。 logger对象配置完成后，可以使用下面的方法来创建日志记录： <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bbbf3d172a74?w=689&amp;h=234&amp;f=png&amp;s=34940" alt=""> 那么，怎样得到一个Logger对象呢？一种方式是通过Logger类的实例化方法创建一个Logger类的实例，但是我们通常都是用第二种方式—logging.getLogger()方法。 logging.getLogger()方法有一个可选参数name，该参数表示将要返回的日志器的名称标识，如果不提供该参数，则其值为’root’。若以相同的name参数值多次调用getLogger()方法，将会返回指向同一个logger对象的引用。</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">关于logger的层级结构与有效等级的说明：</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    logger的名称是一个以<span class="string">'.'</span>分割的层级结构，每个<span class="string">'.'</span>后面的logger都是<span class="string">'.'</span>前面的logger的children，例如，有一个名称为 foo 的logger，其它名称分别为 foo.bar, foo.bar.baz 和 foo.bam都是 foo 的后代。</span><br><span class="line">    logger有一个"有效等级（effective level）"的概念。如果一个logger上没有被明确设置一个<span class="keyword">level</span>，那么该logger就是使用它parent的<span class="keyword">level</span>;如果它的parent也没有明确设置<span class="keyword">level</span>则继续向上查找parent的parent的有效<span class="keyword">level</span>，依次类推，直到找到个一个明确设置了<span class="keyword">level</span>的祖先为止。需要说明的是，root logger总是会有一个明确的<span class="keyword">level</span>设置（默认为 <span class="built_in">WARNING</span>）。当决定是否去处理一个已发生的事件时，logger的有效等级将会被用来决定是否将该事件传递给该logger的handlers进行处理。</span><br><span class="line">    child loggers在完成对日志消息的处理后，默认会将日志消息传递给与它们的祖先loggers相关的handlers。因此，我们不必为一个应用程序中所使用的所有loggers定义和配置handlers，只需要为一个顶层的logger配置handlers，然后按照需要创建child loggers就可足够了。我们也可以通过将一个logger的propagate属性设置为<span class="keyword">False</span>来关闭这种传递机制。</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p><strong>Handler</strong> Handler对象的作用是（基于日志消息的level）将消息分发到handler指定的位置（文件、网络、邮件等）。Logger对象可以通过addHandler()方法为自己添加0个或者更多个handler对象。比如，一个应用程序可能想要实现以下几个日志需求：</p>
                <figure class="highlight lsl">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span>）把所有日志都发送到一个日志文件中；</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span>）把所有严重级别大于等于error的日志发送到stdout（标准输出）；</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">3</span>）把所有严重级别为critical的日志发送到一个<span class="section">email</span>邮件地址。</span><br><span class="line">这种场景就需要<span class="number">3</span>个不同的handlers，每个handler复杂发送一个特定严重级别的日志到一个特定的位置。</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>一个handler中只有非常少数的方法是需要应用开发人员去关心的。对于使用内建handler对象的应用开发人员来说，似乎唯一相关的handler方法就是下面这几个配置方法： <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bbcf0837d1f2?w=608&amp;h=169&amp;f=png&amp;s=27138" alt=""> 需要说明的是，应用程序代码不应该直接实例化和使用Handler实例。因为Handler是一个基类，它只定义了素有handlers都应该有的接口，同时提供了一些子类可以直接使用或覆盖的默认行为。下面是一些常用的Handler： <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bbd41c2102cc?w=691&amp;h=433&amp;f=png&amp;s=82087" alt=""> <strong>Formater</strong> Formater对象用于配置日志信息的最终顺序、结构和内容。与logging.Handler基类不同的是，应用代码可以直接实例化Formatter类。另外，如果你的应用程序需要一些特殊的处理行为，也可以实现一个Formatter的子类来完成。 Formatter类的构造方法定义如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">logging.Formatter.__init__(<span class="attribute">fmt</span>=None, <span class="attribute">datefmt</span>=None, <span class="attribute">style</span>=<span class="string">'%'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>该构造方法接收3个可选参数：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>fmt：指定消息格式化字符串，如果不指定该参数则默认使用message的原始值</li>
                  <li>datefmt：指定日期格式字符串，如果不指定该参数则默认使用”%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S”</li>
                  <li>style：Python 3.2新增的参数，可取值为 ‘%’, ‘{‘和 ‘$’，如果不指定该参数则默认使用’%’</li>
                </ul>
                <p><strong>Filter</strong> Filter可以被Handler和Logger用来做比level更细粒度的、更复杂的过滤功能。Filter是一个过滤器基类，它只允许某个logger层级下的日志事件通过过滤。该类定义如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> logging.<span class="keyword">Filter</span>(<span class="type">name</span>=<span class="string">''</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">filter</span>(<span class="type">record</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>比如，一个filter实例化时传递的name参数值为’A.B’，那么该filter实例将只允许名称为类似如下规则的loggers产生的日志记录通过过滤：’A.B’，’A.B,C’，’A.B.C.D’，’A.B.D’，而名称为’A.BB’, ‘B.A.B’的loggers产生的日志则会被过滤掉。如果name的值为空字符串，则允许所有的日志事件通过过滤。 filter方法用于具体控制传递的record记录是否能通过过滤，如果该方法返回值为0表示不能通过过滤，返回值为非0表示可以通过过滤。</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">说明：</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    如果有需要，也可以在<span class="keyword">filter</span>(<span class="type">record</span>)方法内部改变该<span class="type">record</span>，比如添加、删除或修改一些属性。</span><br><span class="line">    我们还可以通过<span class="keyword">filter</span>做一些统计工作，比如可以计算下被一个特殊的logger或<span class="keyword">handler</span>所处理的<span class="type">record</span>数量等。</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="实战演练"><a href="#实战演练" class="headerlink" title="实战演练"></a>实战演练</h2>
                <p>上面文绉绉的说了(复制/粘贴)那么多，现在应该动手实践了。 <strong>现在我需要既将日志输出到控制台、又能将日志保存到文件，我应该怎么办？</strong> 利用刚才所学的知识，我们可以构思一下： <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bcba03047ac6?w=806&amp;h=150&amp;f=png&amp;s=11198" alt=""> 看起来好像也不难，挺简单的样子，但是实际如此吗？ 在实际的工作或应用中，我们或许还需要指定文件存放路径、用随机数作为日志文件名、显示具体的信息输出代码行数、日志信息输出日期和日志写入方式等内容。再构思一下： <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bd3489169e73?w=1079&amp;h=391&amp;f=png&amp;s=23173" alt=""> 具体代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import os</span><br><span class="line">import logging</span><br><span class="line">import uuid</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span><span class="built_in"> logging </span>import Handler, FileHandler, StreamHandler</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">class PathFileHandler(FileHandler):</span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self, path, filename, <span class="attribute">mode</span>=<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="attribute">encoding</span>=None, <span class="attribute">delay</span>=<span class="literal">False</span>):</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        filename = os.fspath(filename)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> os.path.exists(path):</span><br><span class="line">            os.mkdir(path)</span><br><span class="line">        self.baseFilename = os.path.join(path, filename)</span><br><span class="line">        self.mode = mode</span><br><span class="line">        self.encoding = encoding</span><br><span class="line">        self.delay = delay</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> delay:</span><br><span class="line">            Handler.__init__(self)</span><br><span class="line">            self.stream = None</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            StreamHandler.__init__(self, self._open())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">class Loggers(object):</span><br><span class="line">    # 日志级别关系映射</span><br><span class="line">    level_relations = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'debug'</span>: logging.DEBUG, <span class="string">'info'</span>: logging.INFO, <span class="string">'warning'</span>: logging.WARNING,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'error'</span>: logging.ERROR, <span class="string">'critical'</span>: logging.CRITICAL</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self, <span class="attribute">filename</span>=<span class="string">'&#123;uid&#125;.log'</span>.format(uid=uuid.uuid4()), <span class="attribute">level</span>=<span class="string">'info'</span>, <span class="attribute">log_dir</span>=<span class="string">'log'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                 <span class="attribute">fmt</span>=<span class="string">'%(asctime)s - %(filename)s[line:%(lineno)d] - %(levelname)s: %(message)s'</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        self.logger = logging.getLogger(filename)</span><br><span class="line">        abspath = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))</span><br><span class="line">        self.directory = os.path.join(abspath, log_dir)</span><br><span class="line">        format_str = logging.Formatter(fmt)  # 设置日志格式</span><br><span class="line">        self.logger.setLevel(self.level_relations.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(level))  # 设置日志级别</span><br><span class="line">        stream_handler = logging.StreamHandler()  # 往屏幕上输出</span><br><span class="line">        stream_handler.setFormatter(format_str)</span><br><span class="line">        file_handler = PathFileHandler(<span class="attribute">path</span>=self.directory, <span class="attribute">filename</span>=filename, <span class="attribute">mode</span>=<span class="string">'a'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        file_handler.setFormatter(format_str)</span><br><span class="line">        self.logger.addHandler(stream_handler)</span><br><span class="line">        self.logger.addHandler(file_handler)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">"__main__"</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    txt = <span class="string">"关注公众号【进击的 Coder】，回复『日志代码』可以领取文章中完整的代码以及流程图"</span></span><br><span class="line">    log = Loggers(<span class="attribute">level</span>=<span class="string">'debug'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    log.logger.<span class="builtin-name">info</span>(4)</span><br><span class="line">    log.logger.<span class="builtin-name">info</span>(5)</span><br><span class="line">    log.logger.<span class="builtin-name">info</span>(txt)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>文件保存后运行，运行结果如下图所示： <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bc4eb81ba291?w=1437&amp;h=602&amp;f=png&amp;s=153201" alt=""> 日志确实在控制台输出了，再来看一下目录内是否生成有指定的文件和文件夹： <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bc654930ee3f?w=1152&amp;h=161&amp;f=png&amp;s=35731" alt=""> 文件打开后可以看到里面输出的内容： <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bc6cd9fa316a" alt=""> <strong>正确的学习方式是什么</strong> 是一步步的看着文章介绍，等待博主结论？ 是拿着代码运行，跑一遍？ 都不是，应该是一边看着文章，一边拿着示例代码琢磨和研究，到底哪里可以改进、哪里可以设计得更好。如果你需要文章中所用到的示例代码和流程图，那么关注微信公众号【进击的 Coder】，回复『日志代码』就可以领取文章中完整的代码以及流程图。毕竟，学习是一件勤劳的事。 <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2018/11/19/1672bd719ead7e24" alt=""> 参考资料： <a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/yyds/p/6901864.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">云游道士博文</a> <a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/nancyzhu/p/8551506.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">nancy05博文</a></p>
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              return document.getElementById(url).querySelector('.leancloud-visitors-count');
            }

            function addCount(Counter)
            {
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              var url = decodeURI(visitors.id);
              var title = visitors.dataset.flagTitle;
              Counter('get', '/classes/Counter?where=' + encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(
              {
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                results
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                {
                  var counter = results[0];
                  leancloudSelector(url).innerText = counter.time + 1;
                  Counter('put', '/classes/Counter/' + counter.objectId,
                  {
                    time:
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                      '__op': 'Increment',
                      'amount': 1
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                  });
                }
                else
                {
                  Counter('post', '/classes/Counter',
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                    url,
                    time: 1
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                  }).catch(error =>
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                    console.error('Failed to create', error);
                  });
                }
              }).catch(error =>
              {
                console.error('LeanCloud Counter Error', error);
              });
            }

            function showTime(Counter)
            {
              var visitors = document.querySelectorAll('.leancloud_visitors');
              var entries = [...visitors].map(element =>
              {
                return decodeURI(element.id);
              });
              Counter('get', '/classes/Counter?where=' + encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(
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                url:
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                results
              }) =>
              {
                for (let url of entries)
                {
                  let target = results.find(item => item.url === url);
                  leancloudSelector(url).innerText = target ? target.time : 0;
                }
              }).catch(error =>
              {
                console.error('LeanCloud Counter Error', error);
              });
            }
            let
            {
              app_id,
              app_key,
              server_url
            } = {
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              "app_id": "6X5dRQ0pnPWJgYy8SXOg0uID-gzGzoHsz",
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              "server_url": "https://6x5drq0p.lc-cn-n1-shared.com",
              "security": false
            };

            function fetchData(api_server)
            {
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                  headers:
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                    'X-LC-Id': app_id,
                    'X-LC-Key': app_key,
                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                  },
                  body: JSON.stringify(data)
                });
              };
              if (CONFIG.page.isPost)
              {
                if (CONFIG.hostname !== location.hostname) return;
                addCount(Counter);
              }
              else if (document.querySelectorAll('.post-title-link').length >= 1)
              {
                showTime(Counter);
              }
            }
            let api_server = app_id.slice(-9) !== '-MdYXbMMI' ? server_url : `https://${app_id.slice(0, 8).toLowerCase()}.api.lncldglobal.com`;
            if (api_server)
            {
              fetchData(api_server);
            }
            else
            {
              fetch('https://app-router.leancloud.cn/2/route?appId=' + app_id).then(response => response.json()).then((
              {
                api_server
              }) =>
              {
                fetchData('https://' + api_server);
              });
            }
          })();

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